Let's Talk About Bipolar Disorder by Matthew Lowe, DO

What is bipolar disorder?

Bipolar disorder is a mental illness characterized by extreme mood swings, which can range from manic or hypomanic episodes to depressive episodes. It is also referred to as manic-depressive disorder.

• During manic or hypomanic episodes, a person with bipolar disorder may experience feelings of euphoria, increased energy, decreased need for sleep, and impulsive behavior. They may engage in risky or reckless behavior, such as spending sprees or substance abuse, and may have difficulty functioning in their daily life.
  
• Depressive episodes, on the other hand, can last for weeks or months and are characterized by feelings of sadness, hopelessness, fatigue, and loss of interest in life. During these episodes, a person with bipolar disorder may struggle with basic activities, such as eating and sleeping, and may have thoughts of suicide.
  

Why do some people develop bipolar disorder?
The exact cause of bipolar disorder is not known, but research suggests that a combination of genetic, environmental, and brain chemical factors may play a role in its development.

• Genetics: Bipolar disorder tends to run in families, and studies have shown that individuals with a first-degree relative (such as a parent or sibling) with the disorder are more likely to develop it themselves. This suggests that a genetic predisposition may be involved.
  
• Brain chemistry: Abnormalities in brain chemistry, including imbalances in neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine, have been implicated in the development of bipolar disorder.
  
• Environmental factors: Environmental stressors, such as traumatic life events, substance abuse, and sleep disturbances, can trigger manic or depressive episodes in individuals with bipolar disorder and may also contribute to its development.
  

It's important to note that not everyone with a genetic predisposition to bipolar disorder will develop the disorder, and not everyone with bipolar disorder will have a family history of the disorder. The combination of genetic, environmental, and brain chemical factors that lead to the development of bipolar disorder is complex and unique to each individual.

How common is bipolar disorder?
Bipolar disorder is a relatively common mental illness, affecting an estimated 2.8% of the adult population in the United States. It can develop at any age, but the average age of onset is 25 years old. Bipolar disorder affects men and women equally, and it is found in all racial and ethnic groups. It is estimated that more than 60 million people worldwide are affected by bipolar disorder. The disorder can have a significant impact on a person's daily life, including their relationships, work, and overall quality of life. Despite its prevalence, bipolar disorder is often misdiagnosed or not diagnosed at all, which can delay proper treatment and management. This highlights the importance of seeking professional evaluation if you suspect you or a loved one may be experiencing symptoms of bipolar disorder.

How do you treat bipolar disorder?
Bipolar disorder is a treatable condition, and a variety of treatments are available to help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. The most effective treatment plan for bipolar disorder typically includes a combination of the following:

• Medications: Mood stabilizing medications, such as lithium and lamotrigine, and atypical antipsychotics, such as quetiapine and aripiprazole, are commonly used to treat bipolar disorder. 
  
• Psychotherapy: Psychotherapy, such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT), can help individuals with bipolar disorder manage their symptoms and improve their relationships with others.
  
• Lifestyle changes: Regular exercise, stress management techniques, and establishing a consistent sleep schedule can help improve symptoms and prevent future episodes of mania or depression.
  
• Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): ECT may be used in severe cases of bipolar disorder, particularly when other treatments have been ineffective. ECT involves applying a brief electrical stimulation to the brain while the person is under general anesthesia.
  
• Support groups: Joining a support group can provide individuals with bipolar disorder with a sense of community and a safe space to share their experiences and offer support to one another.
  

It's important to note that the treatment plan for bipolar disorder will vary depending on the individual and the severity of their symptoms. A mental health professional can work with you to develop a comprehensive treatment plan that is tailored to your specific needs.

What non-medication treatments are helpful for bipolar disorder?
In addition to medication, there are several non-medication treatments that can be helpful for individuals with bipolar disorder:

• Psychotherapy: Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT), and family-focused therapy are all forms of psychotherapy that can help individuals with bipolar disorder manage their symptoms and improve their relationships with others.
  
• Lifestyle changes: Regular exercise, stress management techniques, such as mindfulness and meditation, and establishing a consistent sleep schedule can help improve symptoms and prevent future episodes of mania or depression.
  
• Light therapy: Light therapy, also known as phototherapy, involves exposing the individual to bright light for a specified period of time each day. This can help regulate sleep patterns and improve symptoms of depression.
  
• Healthy diet and nutrition: Maintaining a healthy diet and nutrition can improve overall health and well-being and may also help regulate mood.
  
• Support groups: Joining a support group can provide individuals with bipolar disorder with a sense of community and a safe space to share their experiences and offer support to one another.
  

It's important to note that these non-medication treatments are often used in conjunction with medication for a comprehensive treatment plan. A mental health professional can work with you to determine the most appropriate treatment plan for your specific needs. It's also important to remember that everyone's experience with bipolar disorder is unique, and what works for one person may not work for another. It may take some time to find the right combination of treatments that work best for you, but with patience and persistence, it is possible to manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

What if you have suicidal thoughts?
If you are feeling suicidal, it is important to reach out for help immediately. Here are some steps you can take:

• Call a crisis helpline: In the United States, the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline is available 24/7 at 988. You can also find helpline numbers for your country by searching online.
  
• Reach out to a loved one: Talk to someone you trust about your feelings and get their support.
  
• Go to the nearest emergency room or seek immediate medical attention: This is especially important if you have a plan to harm yourself or have taken steps to do so.
  
• Stay away from weapons or dangerous items: Remove any firearms, knives, or other items that could be used to harm yourself.
  
• Make a safety plan: Write down a plan of action for what you will do when you are feeling suicidal in the future, including who you will contact for help.
  

Remember, suicide is a preventable tragedy and there is always help available. You are not alone, and there are people who care about you and want to support you through this difficult time.

How can you help a loved one who has bipolar disorder?
If you have a loved one with bipolar disorder, there are several ways you can support them and help them manage their symptoms:

• Educate yourself: Learn as much as you can about bipolar disorder, including the different types and symptoms, so you can better understand what your loved one is going through.
  
• Be a good listener: Encourage your loved one to share their feelings and experiences, and offer a non-judgmental ear to listen. Let them know that you are there for them and that they are not alone.
  
• Offer practical help: Offer to help with daily tasks, such as grocery shopping or running errands, during times when your loved one may be struggling with their symptoms.
  
• Encourage treatment: Encourage your loved one to stick to their treatment plan, including taking medications as prescribed and attending therapy sessions. Offer to go with them to appointments if they would like.
  
• Be patient and understanding: Bipolar disorder is a complex condition, and managing symptoms can be a challenge. Be patient and understanding with your loved one and try to avoid getting frustrated or upset when they struggle with their symptoms.
  
• Take care of yourself: Supporting a loved one with bipolar disorder can be challenging, and it's important to take care of yourself as well. Seek support from friends and family, or consider joining a support group for families of individuals with mental illness.
  
• Be aware of warning signs: Be aware of the warning signs of manic or depressive episodes, and encourage your loved one to seek help if they are experiencing symptoms.
  

Remember, it's important to be supportive and understanding of your loved one, but it's also important to set boundaries and take care of yourself. Bipolar disorder can be a challenging condition, but with the right support and treatment, individuals with the disorder can lead fulfilling lives and manage their symptoms.

Providers for Healthy Living offers medication management and therapy options for patients dealing with bipolar disorder.  If you or a loved one are struggling with any of these symptoms, contact us today.  We are here to help!